He became an adept horseman and marksman, and took up fencing. Įventually, Charles apparently conquered his physical infirmity, which might have been caused by rickets. In 1611, he was made a Knight of the Garter. Charles learnt the usual subjects of classics, languages, mathematics and religion. Thomas Murray, a presbyterian Scot, was appointed as a tutor. In January 1605, Charles was created Duke of York, as is customary in the case of the English sovereign's second son, and made a Knight of the Bath. His speech development was also slow, and he had a stammer for the rest of his life. In England, Charles was placed under the charge of Elizabeth, Lady Carey, the wife of courtier Sir Robert Carey, who put him in boots made of Spanish leather and brass to help strengthen his weak ankles. In mid-July 1604, he left Dunfermline for England, where he was to spend most of the rest of his life.
īy 1604, when Charles was three-and-a-half, he was able to walk the length of the great hall at Dunfermline Palace without assistance, and it was decided that he was strong enough to journey to England to be reunited with his family. Charles was a weak and sickly infant, and while his parents and older siblings left for England in April and early June that year, due to his fragile health, he remained in Scotland with his father's friend Lord Fyvie appointed as his guardian. James VI was the first cousin twice removed of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and when she died childless in March 1603, he became King of England as James I. At a Protestant ceremony in the Chapel Royal of Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on 23 December 1600, he was baptised by David Lindsay, Bishop of Ross, and created Duke of Albany, the traditional title of the second son of the king of Scotland, with the subsidiary titles of Marquess of Ormond, Earl of Ross and Lord Ardmannoch. The second son of King James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, Charles was born in Dunfermline Palace, Fife, on 19 November 1600. The monarchy would be restored to Charles's son Charles II in 1660.Įarly life Engraving by Simon de Passe of Charles and his parents, King James and Queen Anne, c. The monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments he was handed over to the Long Parliament in London. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian New Model Army, he fled north from his base at Oxford.
His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall.įrom 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. He supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views too Catholic. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.
He believed in the divine right of kings, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married Henrietta Maria of France.Īfter his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the English Parliament, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to Infanta Maria Anna of Spain culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation.
He became heir apparent to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.Ĭharles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life.
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